These philosophers range from the Renaissance era to the present.

10. Karl Marx
Era: Industrial
Most Known For: “Communist Manifesto”

9. Sigmund Freud
Era: Victorian
Most Known For: Psychoanalytical Advances

8. Niccolo Machiavelli
Era: Renaissance
Most Known For: “The Prince”

7. John Stuart Mill
Era: Victorian
Most Known For: Utilitarianism

6. Thomas Hobbes
Era: Elizabethian
Most Known For: Social Contract

5. John Locke
Era: Age of Enlightenment
Most Known For: State of Nature

4. Martin Luther
Era: Renaissance
Most Known For: Protestant Reformation

3. Rene Descartes
Era: Age of Enlightenment
Most Known For: Forming Modern Philosophy

2. Adam Smith
Era: Industrial
Most Known For: “The Wealth of Nations”

1. Immanuel Kant
Era: Age of Enlightenment
Most Known For: Categorical Imperative